(Census, 2001), In recent times, following the overthrow of the Nepali monarchy and move towards a federal republic, ethnicity and caste have taken center stage – the indigenous peoples (Adivasi Janajati) who make up a third of the country having been guaranteed rights that have not yet been fulfilled. Bahuns were able to hold government offices, administration and politics. 15,630, Dalit Rs. This dominance has emerged a critical condition for Bahun and Chhetri males for depriving of opportunities due to quota and reservation for other castes. [12] The European Union mission in Kathmandu also suggested the Nepalese government to deny Khas Aryas their proportional representation election quota. There is an observable reaction to this among certain Khas Brahmin and Chhetri groups, seeking to prevent group-based rights from becoming an important factor in the country that earlier had a political system associated with group-based discrimination. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. They have become major decision makers in the bureaucracy of Nepal has become crystal clear. More than fifty (52.0%) of Hill Dalits, 47.0% of the Tarai Dalits, 48.0% of the Muslims and 30 percent of the Hill Adivasi Janajatis have never been to school. This group presents a complicated social structure that only reflects the model of four Hindu varna categories, itis also clearly divided into two distinct religious groups: the Hindu and the Buddhist. The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. However geographically the Aryan people who hold caste system in their community reach the territory of Nepal in early ancient time when they enlarged their living area in South Asia as a matter of a historic fact that at the time of AC500 the era of Lycchivi Dyansty which was said to be the Aryan related was existed in Nepal. 2017-18 even though 45% governmental seats are reserved for women, Madhesis, lower caste and tribes, people with disability and those from the backward regions. Similarly, serious limitations and oversights of this code include the complete exclusion of the large middle-ranking Terai groups.
Nepal: Growth of a Nation. [2], The social structure of the caste-origin Madhesi Hindu groups is complex, reflecting four varna groups with distinct hierarchical structure within them.
[13], "Brahmin-Hill" redirects here. Nepal Population Report, 2002. [3] The law also comprised Prāyaścitta (avoidance and removal of sin) and Ācāra (the customary law of different castes and communities). Caste, State, and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal.
The Dalits who constitute 12.8 percent of the total population of the country have no representation in the higher echelons of power' (Gurung, H. 2006). [10], Bahunbaad along with Bahun-Chhetri phenomenon has been dubbed as sociopolitical dominance of Khas-Pahades in Nepal. Terai and Newar Brahmins and Kshatriyas were officially placed below their Khas equivalents.
The civil service representation to population ratio is 3.2 times for Bahuns which is fourth in Nepal. [3], Traditionally, Bahuns were members of the Khas community together with Chhetris (Khas Kshatriyas). the Question when caste system arrived in Nepal is actually unsolved. [1], According to 1854 Muluki Ain (Nepalese Legal Code), Bahuns were regarded as caste among sacred thread bearers (Tagadhari) and twice-born Hindus. Kathmandu: Ministry of Population and Environment, HMG, Nepal. The social values preached by the Muluki Ain, however, were providing restrictive, anachronic and out of step with the spirit of times. 71–88, This page was last edited on 25 October 2020, at 13:02. The caste system conjoints a structural class divide which persists, in which lower castes/ethnicities are generally socio-economically are not equal like those of higher castes/ethnicities. Recent research has also shown that when it comes to Nepali people's impressions of social change, "Poverty, Human Resources and Region" explain more of the variation than "Ethnicity, Caste or Religious belonging" – i.e. It was rooted in traditional Hindu Law and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal. Similarly, the Janajati has 36.0% of the total population of the country, has representation of 7.1%. The mother tongue of these groups is Nepali. Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005. http://southasiacheck.org/fact-check/how-discriminatory-was-the-first-muluki-ain-against-dalits/. The legal recognition to caste and all the discriminatory laws made on the grounds of caste were ceased. In 2001 the CBS recorded 43 caste-origin Hindu groups in the Madhesh. Class, Caste or Location? Among these, Bahuns in Parbat (35.7%), Arghakhanchi (32.8%), Syangja (30.9%), Chitwan (28.6%), Kaski (27.8%) and Gulmi (25.2%) consist more than 25% of the district population. Their dominance is reflected in education, administration and economical activities of the nation. 46, No. The caste system is still intact today but the rules are not as rigid as they were in the past. [7] Bahuns are the largest group in 15 districts in Nepal: Jhapa, Morang, Kathmandu, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi, Kaski, Syangja, Parbat, Gulmi and Arghakhanchi. In 1962, a law was passed making it illegal to discriminate against other castes led all castes to be equally treated by the law. However, since the unification of Nepal in the 18th century, Nepal's various non-Hindu indigenous nationalities and tribes, previously called "Matwalis" (alcohol-drinkers) and now termed as "Adivasi/Janajati" (indigenous/nationalities), have been incorporated within the caste hierarchy to varying degrees of success. Chhetris represent 5.6 times in civil services to their percentage of population, which is the highest in Nepal. Newars are divided internally into distinct cultural groups of over 25 occupational caste categories who share a common language (mother-tongue) Nepal Bhasa.[2]. [2], The case of Newār is exceptional.
Deepening Democracy: International Labour Organisation Convention 169 and Nepal's Democratic Transition, Nepal: Towards a Democratic Republic: Caste, Ethnicity and Inequality in Nepal, Material from this site has been borrowed for this article with the permission of Dr. Vepachedu, Interview with Ian Martin: Caste-Based Discrimination in Nepal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_Nepal&oldid=985350608, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Manandhar/Sāyami/Teli (oil-pressers and brewers), Khadgi, Naye, Kasai (butchers and musicians), Dyala, Podhya, Chyamaha/Chandala (sweepers, fishermen), "Namasinya Matwali" (Non-enslavable Alcohol Drinkers), Newar Hindu Vaishya-equivalent Panchthariya Srēsthas and Newar Buddhists – Gubhaju/Baré (, "Masinya Matwali" (Enslavable Alcohol Drinkers), "Pani Na Chalne Chhoichhito Haalnu Naparne" (Water-unacceptable but touchable), "Pani Na Chalne Chhoichhito Haalnu Parne" (Water-unacceptable and untouchable), Nancy E. Levine. In 1963, Legal Code was replaced by New 1964 Legal Code. Gurung, H. (2005). Much of the previously animist/tribal Khas population of the western Nepal region acquired the 'Chhetri' status in the 1850s with the proclamation by the Rana Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana, making Chhetris the most populous caste/tribe of Nepal. In this process the left outs were oppressed class (Dalits), women, the poorest of the poor, powerless and the second class citizen and indigenous nationalities (Adivasi Janajatis). 38,193. The Nepali civil code Muluki Ain was commissioned by Jung Bahadur Rana after his European tour and enacted in 1854. people's perception of their own social situation has more to do with geography and objective social class, than with their association with the groups that the state has based its internal social policy on. Kathmandu has largest Bahun population with 410,126 people (23.5%). If these major three castes (Khas Brahmin & Chhetris, and Newars) combine together their shares in the Government of Nepal, civil service employment is 89.2% in 1991. Opposingly, it is widely known that the Bahun-Chhetri dominance was based on formal legal system and the guilt of state capture is targeted by quota-reservation supporters. This page was last changed on 2 November 2020, at 08:08. For Khas Brahmin, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal/The-people, "निजामती सेवामा सबैभन्दा बढी प्रतिनिधित्व राजपूत, कायस्थ र तराई ब्राम्हण", https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2018/10/16/brahmins-and-chhetris-land-most-government-jobs, https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/11/12/brahmins-and-chhetris-continue-to-dominate-entry-into-civil-service, "The Kathmandu Post -PM briefs international community", "Girija Prasad Koirala: The architect of democracy in Nepal", "CPN Maoist Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal elected as 39th Prime Minister of Nepal", "Prachanda elected Prime Minister of Nepal", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahun&oldid=984387308, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 October 2020, at 21:00. Khas upper castes come next with an average income of Rs. [6], According to the 2011 Nepal census, Bahuns (referred as Hill-Brahmin) are the second most populous group after Chhetri with 12.2% of Nepal's population (or 32,26,903 people). These values were seen as a potent instrument of Rana political repression. [7] Bahun are the second largest Hindu group with a population of 3,212,704 (99.6% of Bahuns). 24,399, Adivasi Janajatis ranks third with an average income of Rs. Among those 73.8% in higher education belong to higher castes, 22.0% Janajatis and 2.9% Dalit.[9]. After the Rana regime, caste rules relating to food, drink and intercaste marriage were openly louted but the Muluki Ain had not been abrogated. It was rooted in traditional Hindu Law and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal. In Nepal, high castes dominate 91.2% among the prominent position in politics and bureaucracy. Stiller, L. F. (1993). Broad Ethnic Categories of Nepal (2011 Census) Rank Broad Ethnic Category Sub-Category Sub-Category Percentage Race/linguistic family Population Percentage 1 Khas/ Khas-Arya/ Parbate (Hill Caste Group) Khas (Chhetri) 16.60% Indo-Aryan: 39.37% Khas (Bahun) 12.18% Khas (Dalit) 8.12% Khas (Thakuri) 1.61% Khas (Dashnami) 0.86% 2 Janajati-Hill − − In terms of earning/income generation, Newars have the highest per capita income of Rs. [citation needed] Education is free and open to all castes. Certain outside analysts have suggested that "seeking a balance in approach requires addressing both specific indigenous historical injustices while creating a common citizenship for all marginalised citizens regardless of identity, which remains a particularly challenging issue for Nepal". [11] Former Prime Minister of Nepal, Baburam Bhattarai, also a Bahun, had argued that Khas Arya dominate 80% institutions in Nepal and meritocratic system should not be introduced in Nepal.
According to the 2011 Nepal census, Bahun is the second most populous group after Chhetri in Nepal. Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Brahmins are called as Bahuns or Khas Bahuns. [4][5], Hierarchies of Major Caste/Ethnic Groups in Nepal according to Muluki Ain:[6][7], Terai – Brahmin (referred in the code as Indian Brahmin) (no mention of Terai Kshatriya groups), Gurkha tribes - Gurung, Magar, Rai and Limbu, Tamang people. In 2001 the CBS recorded only nine groups in the caste-origin Hill Hindu groups.
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