A vast area was affected by the quake. Your email address will not be published. The ruins of a temple in the county seat of Jingning County, Gansu, in early 1921. The 4th deadliest earthquake of all time, on December 16th, 1920, the Haiyuan earthquake struck. 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake is the third deadliest earthquake with most deaths in the history. The earthquake is the third deadliest earthquake of all time. The Effects of the Haiyuan Earthquake and Related Disasters Intensity Distribution The epicentre of the Ms = 8.5 Haiyuan earthquake of 16 December, 1920 was in Ganyan Chi, Haiyuan County of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The average landslide-point density and landslide-area density were 0.18 landslides/per km … It occurred in December 16,… The haiyuan earthquake took place December 16, 1920 in china. Occurring in the early years of escalating civil war in the Chinese Republic, the disaster was overshadowed by major political and humanitarian crises elsewhere in the country that year, and remains a remarkably little known event despite the scale of its destructive powers and human toll. A man stands in front of his temporary shelter in the town of Jingning, Gansu, in early 1921. More than 230,000 people were killed during the event. The map includes the intensity zones for the earthquake: A map of landslides associated with the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in China, from Xu et al. One estimate put total property losses in Gansu at 30 million yuan (roughly US$20 million at the time). The 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake is one of the largest seismic events in continental China with an estimated hypocenter of longitude 105.3°E, latitude 36.6°N and depth 11 km 30. [6] Much of this loss was in the form of destroyed dwellings and granary stocks; in 14 counties, over 70 percent of structures collapsed. Kansu is the Wade-Giles form of Gansu, an apparently outdated spelling now. 1920 Haiyuan yirdquauk (Cheenese: 海原大地震; pinyin: Hǎiyuán dà dìzhèn), wis an yirdquauk that occurred on December 16, 1920.The epicenter wis in Haiyuan Coonty, Ningxia Province, Republic o CheenaeIt wis also cried the 1920 Gansu yirdquauk acause Ningxia wis a pairt o Gansu Province when the yirdquauk occurred.. History. et al. The local histories, scattered news reports, compilations of seismic data, and missionary writings used for this article give a sense of the limited types of primary sources that exist for this event. ˜e 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake is one of the largest seismic events in continental China with an estimated hypocenter of longit°ati-t°nd depth 11 km30. It is the 4th deadliest earthquake in all recorded history. Currently Hanyuan earthquake is a more common name for this earthquake. [10] Aiguo baihua bao (Beijing), 25 Dec. 1920. The 16 December 1920 M s 8.5 Haiyuan, China, earthquake is the largest and most recent event along the eastern Haiyuan fault (the Haiyuan fault in the article). Xie Jiarong, Minguo jiu nian shier yue Gansu dizhen baogao, republished in Gansu sheng dizhen ziliao huibian, ed. Minguo Guyuan xianzhi vol. It was also called the 1920 Gansu earthquake because Ningxia was a part of Gansu Province when the earthquake occurred. The initial quake struck with a maximum destructive intensity of XII on the Mercalli scale, causing 675 major loess landslides in the region;[2] estimates of the strength of the energy released by the tremor range from a magnitude of 7.8 (according to the US Geological Survey) to 8.5 (according to the Chinese Earthquake Administration). Dynamic characteristics of loess landslides of seismic origin and an approach for predicting landslide in loess are presented. The Haiyuan fault is a major seismogenic fault on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan–Qinghai plateau. One of the most destructive great earthquakes of this century occurred on the Haiyuan fault at the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau in north-central China on Dec. 16, 1920 (M=8.6). [11] Xinren zhenzai ji, (Gansu Provincial Library). (2020). According to official statistics at the time, there were 234,117 deaths in Gansu Province and 73,604 deaths in Haiyuan. The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in China It is widely thought that in terms of landslides, one of the most deadly earthquakes was the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in China, which had a magnitude of about 8.5. (2020) have re-evaluated this earthquake in some detail, which is an important contribution. 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (Chinese: 海原大地震; pinyin: Hǎiyuán dà dìzhèn), was an earthquake that occurred on December 16, 1920. The earthquake that hit China’s remote Gansu Province in late 1920 was the world’s second deadliest of the twentieth century. 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake. 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake. (2020) have recorded 7151 individual coseismic landslides, noting of course that the majority of the smaller landslides triggered by the earthquake will not be visible now. Of course, 32,500 is still a remarkably high number. North China Herald (Shanghai), 15 Jan. 1921. It has previously been suggested that perhaps 100,000 of these fatalities were caused by large landslides in loess deposits. Vulnerable to bandit activity, many thousands roamed in a deformed landscape that was stripped of its roads, and devoid of standing structures and familiar natural landmarks. [12] Wang Lie, Diaocha Gansu dizhen zhi baogao (Gansu Provincial Library). In a paper just published in the journal Landslides (and sadly behind a paywall), Xu et al. This earthquake resulted in a number of landslides and ground cracks. [11] Later in winter, foreign missionaries in Gansu joined efforts to reconstruct communities, re-open communication lines and transport routes, and unblock the river systems before the snowmelt of spring threatened mass flooding.[12]. it is reported that it measured a 7.8 on a Richter scale. With a magnitude of 7.8 to … A landslide buried the village of Sujiahe in Xiji County. Generally known today as the Haiyuan earthquake, the quake’s epicenter was beneath the outskirts of Haiyuan in eastern Gansu, a region that in today’s People’s Republic forms part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Xinlong zazhi (Beijing), 20 April 1921. However, the amount of detailed information to substantiate this claim was limited, so there has been a great deal of uncertainty around this number. Pulling all of this information together, the authors conclude that the number of landslide deaths from the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake was in the order of 32,554. Situated along a stretch of the Yellow River south of the Gobi desert, the area around Haiyuan is part of the most extensive stretch of loess terrain on Earth. [1] He Xiubin, Keli Tang, and Xinbao Zhang, “Soil Erosion Dynamics on the Chinese Loess Plateau in the Last 10,000 Years,” Mountain Research and Development 24/4 (2004), 342–3. Pierre Fuller is Lecturer in East Asian History at the University of Manchester. Based on county reports from 50 (and in some cases 53) counties, the estimates of total human deaths due to the earthquake ranged from 234,117 to 314,092. [2] Li Tianchi, “Landslide Disasters and Human Responses in China,” Mountain Research and Development 14/4 (1994), 342. Landslides of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, northern China, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01512-5, The Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience Blog, The Bridge: Connecting Science and Policy. The majority of the fatalities were likely to have been caused by the collapse of houses and of loess caves. The earthquake ruptured the ~1000 km long strike-slip Haiyuan fault in Northeastern Tibet: one of the several giant seismogenic faults affecting this part of the world. It is generally accepted that this earthquake, which occurred on 16 December 1920, killed at least 234,000 people. 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (Chinese: 海原大地震; pinyin: Hǎiyuán dà dìzhèn), was an earthquake that occurred on December 16, 1920. Post-quake investigations unfortunately do not make it clear what portion of total fatalities may have been due to ground-shaking versus landslides, or to starvation or exposure in the quake’s aftermath, a subject that requires further research. [9], Soldiers and officers operating out of the regional garrisons commanded by General Ma Fuxiang, in Ningxia, and General Lu Hongtao, in Pingliang, provided the first intelligence on the disaster, and also served as first responders, distributing tents and emergency provisions to communities in some of the most hard-hit areas. The haiyuan earthquake killed 200,000 people. [3] Witnesses noted that buildings in the nearby provincial capital of Lanzhou were surprisingly resilient under the stress of the quake and the ensuing months of aftershocks, while the vast majority of destruction occurred in rural areas abutting the epicenter that consisted largely of cave dwelling communities, such as Haiyuan and Guyuan especially.[4]. [9] Upton Close and Elsie McCormick, “When the Mountains Walked: an account of the most recent earthquake in Kansu Province, China, which destroyed 100,000 lives,” National Geographic Magazine 41/5 (May 1922), 445–64. The catastrophe that hit Gansu in late 1920 and early 1921 struck just as a drought famine affecting 20-30 million people on the North China plain was reaching a climax and absorbing the limited attention and relief capacities of the Chinese state and general public; the resources generated for the relief and reconstruction of Gansu in 1921 was undoubtedly a tiny fraction of the enormous losses inflicted on its people by the earthquake. What 1958 Lituya Bay Megatsunami Landslide When This happened on July ninth ninteen fifty eight at 10:15:58 PM Why The Lituya Bay Megastunami was an incident in which a Tsunami of record breaking size was created from an earthquake … [5] Zhongguo minbao (Beijing), 1-5 March 1921. In total Xu et al. Because only a few near‐field seismic recordings are available, the rupture process remains … Across 15 countries over 230,000 were estimated to have lost their lives and 1.69 million displaced. On December 16, 1920 at 8:06 PM local time, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake rocked the Republic of China. Disasters of geological nature, caused by the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (Ms = 8.5), were studied in hilly loess areas. The epicenter was in Haiyuan County, Zhongwei, now part of Ningxia. Guojia dizhen ju Lanzhou dizhen yanjiu suo (Lanzhou, 1989), 277–350. [5] Many of the dead – possibly a majority – were among the region’s Chinese Hui Muslim population, which lost the most prominent Islamic figure in China at the time, Sufi sect leader Ma Yuanzhang, who was at prayer when the quake hit in the predominantly Muslim valleys of Longde district where a third of the population was killed. 2020. This is one of the biggest earthquakes in the world. Required fields are marked *. [10], Gansu relief announcements on the front page of the Beijing daily Zhongguo minbao, 28 February 1921, Modest amounts of relief monies and materials were raised and dispatched to the region by provincial and county governments elsewhere in China, by fundraising groups formed by Gansu natives sojourning in Beijing, Shanghai and elsewhere in China and overseas, by charities in provinces such as Hunan and Jilin, and from the central government’s relief bureau in Beijing. Bhola cyclone. 1 (Yinchuan, 1992), 689, 692. The earthquake hit at local time 20:06:53 (GMT 12:06:53), reportedly 7.8 on the Richter magnitude scale, followed by the a series of aftershocks for three years. The earthquake occurred within the Loess Plateau of northern China, where Quaternary loess deposits form a distinctive blanket across the landscape. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-deadliest-earthquakes-ever.html The 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake triggered 3700 landslides within the range of the intensity of 9–12, with a total area of 177 km 2, over an area of about 21,000 km 2. Described as “Where the Mountain Walked” because of extensive landslides (Close & McCormick, 1922), this event caused over 230,000 casualties, making it the second deadliest earthquake in the twentieth century (IGCEA & NBCEA, 1990). [4] Ebenezer J. Mann, “The Earthquake,” Links with China and Other Lands 31 (April 1921), 331 (MS380302, SOAS Library, University of London). [6] Zhongguo minbao (Beijing), 26 Feb. 1921. The Haiyuan fault appears as a sinistral strike-slip fault since early Quaternary. Total casualty was reported as 200,000 in a summary published by the United … Distribution and characteristics of loess landslides triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake, Northwest of China. Jiuzai zhoukan (Beijing), 13 March 1921. The distribution of the landslides, and the distribution of settlements, is shown in the map, from the paper, below. Zhuang, Jianqi and Peng, Jianbing and Xu, Chong and Li, Zhenhong and Densmore, Alexander and Milledge, David and Iqbal, Javed and Cui, Yifei (2018) 'Distribution and characteristics of loess landslides triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake, Northwest of … The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake was one of the largest and most deadly continental earthquakes in history (more than 230,000 casualties). (2020) note other substantial earthquakes (also shown on the map) that probably account for these. The Haiyuan Earthquake, also known as "The 1920 Gansu Earthquake," occurred on December sixteenth, 1920, killing over 200,000 individuals and … 1966: Xingtai Earthquake 邢台大地震. 1.2 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01512-5, Posted in: In the epicentral area its intensity was 11-12°. Landslides. It is widely thought that in terms of landslides, one of the most deadly earthquakes was the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake in China, which had a magnitude of about 8.5. This blog The 1966 Xingtai Earthquake was a sequence of major … This earthquake triggered several thousand loess landslides which resulted in thousands of deaths and blockages of rivers. Their paper goes back through the literature (including reports from the scene at the time), exracts information from field surveys, and presents the outcomes of mapping from Google Earth imagery to present a catalog of landslides triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. On December 16, 1920, at 12:06:53 GMT, an earthquake of 7.8 Richter struck the Haiyuan County. Generally known today as the Haiyuan earthquake, the quake’s epicenter was beneath the outskirts of Haiyuan in eastern Gansu, a region that in today’s People’s Republic forms part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The catastrophe, known as the 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake, occurred at 7.06pm local time, with the epicenter located in Haiyuan, then a county in Gansu, but now a part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Xu, Y., Liu-Zeng, J., Allen, M.B. [3] Guojia dizhen ju Lanzhou dizhen yanjiusuo, ed., Yijiuerling nian Haiyuan da dizhen (1980), 1. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/events/1920_12_16.php. Around 73,000 inhabitants of Haiyuan County and about 30,000 people of the Guyuan County lost their lives. The Haiyuan earthquake occurred at 12:05:55.42 UTC on 16 December 1920 (ISC, 2018). Situated along a stretch of the Yellow River south of the Gobi desert, the area around Haiyuan is part of the most extensive stretch of loess terrain on Mrs Howard Taylor, The Call of China’s Great Northwest: Kansu and Beyond (London, c. 1923), 46-57. the image shot, After the Haiyuan earthquake happened, 1920, China . No Comments/Trackbacks », Your email address will not be published. Yet, there was one major event which might go unmentioned: the massive earthquake that struck Gansu on December 16. The destruction of homes and granaries beneath collapsed hills subjected the initial survivors both to hunger and to exposure to the windstorms and snowfall that immediately followed the quake. It occurred on the Haiyuan … 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake, 978-613-1-36812-7, Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. The authors recognise that some landslide fatalities have not been recorded, but they conclude that estimates of 100,000 or more are likely to be too high. The catastrophe, known as the 1920 Haiyuan Earthquake, occurred at 7.06pm local time, with the epicenter located in Haiyuan, then a county in Gansu, but now a part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. It struck in the evening of the 16th of December in the rural district of Haiyuan near Inner Mongolia, leading to the deaths of more than 200,000 people and to severe destruction over an area of 20,000 square kilometers. The reason why it was called Kansu earthquake is because Ningxia was merged to Gansu from 1914 to 1928 (see article Ningxia). It is generally accepted that this earthquake, which occurred on 16 December 1920, killed at least 234,000 people. This is an incredibly useful contribution, providing another inventory of landslides from a large earthquake (in this case a dominantly strike-slip event) and generating a much more reasonable estimate of the landslide losses from this event. [8] Jiuzai zhoukan, 13 March 1921. The study uses informaton from a four month tour of the area devastated by the earthquake undertaken by a team of Chinese scholars in the Spring and early Summer of 1021, who collected detailed information about the impact o the earthquake. Considered to be the deadliest tropical cyclone ever, Bhola hit the then East … On December 16, 1920, an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5 occurred in Haiyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest of China. [1] Cave dwellings dug out of loess, a sediment of fine yellow soil in places hundreds of meters deep, were the predominant form of home construction in this section of northwest China, but were also particularly susceptible to collapse under seismic activity. A century ago, on December 16, 1920, a massive earthquake struck Haiyuan County in north-central China’s remote Gansu Province, today part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, usually referred to as the Kansu earthquake by contemporary Western sources, was one of the greatest earthquakes on record, and the fifth deadliest. Yet, there was one major event which might go unmentioned: the massive earthquake that struck Gansu on December 16. I request to move 1920 Gansu earthquake to 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. Site. It struck just after 7 p.m. local time at a depth of about 15 … It struck on December 16, 1920, with an epicenter in Haiyuan County, in what is now Ningxia Province (which was then part of the province of Kansu), in China. The Haiyuan fault is a major seismogenic fault on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan–Qinghai plateau. 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