Rats also showed an increase in liver weight and minor effects on the thyroid gland. at Tifton, GA in 1998. substantial pod loss. Several inorganic and organic metal compounds are still used as fungicides. fungicide regimes in 1999.
Signs of toxicity include decreased BW and decreased hematological parameters, increased absolute kidney weight, vacuolar degeneration in the proximal tubular epithelium, and hyperplasia of the forestomach. any of the chlorothalonil, chlorothalonil + propiconazole, or chlorothalonil +
pathogens, management of leaf spot diseases and the important soilborne diseases
diseases with fungicides.
The compound at high doses caused maternal toxicity and postimplantation loss due to early embryonic death. Cultural methods include proper site selection, plant spacing, staking, watering, fertilization, and perhaps most importantly, use of disease-resistant vegetable cultivars. 1992.
increasing the risks of losses in yield to leaf spot diseases. In all four tests in this study, rates of 0.70
oxychloride at 0.42
from these ratings are not shown. and tebuconazole (Teb) (0.13 kg/ha) sprays 3 to 6. kg of copper oxychloride or higher provided leaf spot
were applied in the equivalent of 114 liters of water per ha at a pressure of 345 kPa
arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. The proposed mode of action for the induction of renal toxicity in rodents is outlined in Figure 24.11. $174.95 $ 174. Rates on the X-axis are those of the
Fungicide regimes in the southeastern U.S. typically
3A, B, C). In longer-term studies, propiconazole acts as a phenobarbital-like liver enzyme inducer. for larger view). In all
For both sets of experiments, data from each year were analyzed independently
In rodent carcinogenicity studies at high doses, it has caused tumors in several organs. In 1997, the data from Plains and Tifton were
southern stem rot compared to chlorothalonil alone in any test. 3E).
Higher rates of that combination controlled leaf spot as well as (P
3F). diseases occurred at lower incidence. kg/ha) and propiconazole (Prop) (0.063 kg/ha), and block applications of Chl
Depending on species and route of administration, various glutathione conjugates can be measured as urinary metabolites (Parsons, 2001).
Metalaxyl-M is the R-enantiomer-enriched (97%) form of metalaxyl.
Copper sulfate, which has been used for over a century, has overall low toxicity, and remains one of the most widely used fungicides.
> 0.05) chlorothalonil + propiconazole. It is a mild skin irritant and sensitizer, and a mild to moderate eye irritant in rabbits. Management of peanut foliar
potential to provide control of leaf spot diseases of peanut comparable to, and
foliar diseases and tebuconazole was registered for management of southern stem
Fungicides in all tests were applied at 14-day
There were no consistent yield differences among the chlorothalonil,
interaction, so data from the two locations were analyzed independently.
Liver is the primary site of metabolism of chlorothalonil via conjugation with glutathione. by analysis of variance (11). Leaf spot ratings
GIT, gastrointestinal tract; GSH, glutathione. This suggests the influence of other factors such as the presence of mediators or alternative systems that enable degradation. Plant Dis.
Accepted for publication 8 November 2001. using chlorothalonil at 0.84 kg/ha + copper hydroxide at 0.63 kg/ha,
(0.63 kg/ha); tank mixes of Chl (0.84 kg/ha) and propiconazole (Prop) (0.063
HCB, like other organochlorine compounds, possesses all the properties of chemical stability, slow degradation, and biotransformation with potential to accumulate in adipose tissues and organs containing a high content of lipid membranes, and it has the ability to induce a range of tissue cytochrome P450 as well as conjugate enzymes.
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